The History of Andersonville National Historic Site: A Civil War Legacy.
Andersonville Prison, Ga., August 17, 1864. South view of stockade. Photo: Library of Congress
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), the conflict between the Union and Confederate forces led to the establishment of Civil War prison camps on both sides, serving as harrowing reminders of the brutal realities of war. These facilities were intended to house captured soldiers, but they soon became notorious for their harsh conditions, overcrowding, and high mortality rates. The most infamous camps, such as Andersonville Prison in Georgia and Elmira in New York, witnessed unimaginable suffering and hardship, leaving a lasting scar on the nation's collective memory.
Why Andersonville Was Chosen for Camp Sumter Prison Camp.
Downtown Andersonville.
Andersonville, located in Sumter County, Georgia, was chosen as the site for a Civil War prison camp, Camp Sumter, primarily for its location. The Confederate government selected Andersonville because of its proximity to railroads and supply lines. This made it easier to transport captured Union soldiers to the camp and to provide them with the minimal resources necessary for survival. The flat terrain and available natural resources made it relatively suitable for establishing a large-scale camp.
This camp’s location, though, ended up being one of the many reasons conditions were deplorable. Overcrowding, inadequate shelter, and poor sanitation contributed to the suffering and high mortality rates of the prisoners there. The harsh conditions at Andersonville resulted primarily from logistical challenges, resource shortages, and the Civil War. But, the primary reason for the choice of Sumter County ended up costing men’s lives.
Origins of Camp Sumter’s Union Prisoners.
The Union prisoners came from various states across the Northern and Border states, including but not limited to New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and many others. They were captured during various battles throughout the war.
John Ransom was a Union soldier captured and held at Andersonville. While a prisoner, Ransom kept a diary, providing valuable insights into the conditions and experiences of those in the camp. You can now purchase his diary as a book: "Diary of a Dead Man: The Final Thoughts of John Ransom" by John Ransom (edited by Bruce Catton).
Dorence Atwater was another significant figure. He was a Union soldier who, while a prisoner at Andersonville, secretly kept a record of the names of fellow prisoners who died. After his release, Atwater worked to ensure that the information was preserved and eventually used to identify and properly bury those who had died at the camp. He wrote a book titled "A Bit of Prison History: Giving a Brief and Truthful Relation of the Hardships and Sufferings of Hundreds of Our Soldiers in Rebel Prisons During the Civil War."
The Harsh Realities of Andersonville Prison Camp.
The conditions at Andersonville were notoriously harsh and deplorable. Here are some critical aspects of the conditions at Camp Sumter:
Overcrowding: At its peak, Andersonville held over 32,000 Union prisoners in about 26 acres. The overcrowded conditions led to immense suffering and made it challenging to provide necessities.
Inadequate Shelter: Prisoners were initially housed in makeshift shelters known as "shebangs," which were crude lean-tos made from scraps of wood and cloth. Later, some prisoners were provided with small tents, but they were still insufficient for the number of inmates.
Lack of Sanitation: Andersonville lacked proper sanitation facilities. There were only a few inadequate latrines, and the water supply was contaminated, leading to widespread disease and unsanitary conditions.
Food Shortages: Rations were meager and often consisted of cornmeal, rice, and occasionally a small amount of meat or vegetables. The lack of proper nutrition contributed to widespread malnutrition and weakened immune systems.
Disease and Illness: Diseases such as dysentery, scurvy, typhoid, and smallpox ran rampant due to unsanitary conditions, inadequate nutrition, and lack of medical care. The mortality rate was alarmingly high.
Lack of Medical Care: Medical facilities were severely inadequate, and the few medical personnel struggled to care for a large number of sick and wounded prisoners. Many succumbed to their illnesses without proper treatment.
Abuse and Mistreatment: Some Confederate guards at Andersonville were known to be harsh and abusive towards the prisoners. Instances of violence and cruelty were reported.
Environmental Hardships: The Georgia climate brought its challenges. The summers were sweltering and humid, while winters could be bitterly cold. These harsh ecological conditions added to the suffering of the prisoners.
Stockade represents the wall. The deadline represents the line if crossed you would be shot.
Escape Tunnels and the Deadline: Andersonville's Desperate Attempts.
At Andersonville Prison, the "deadline" was a grim demarcation set by Confederate authorities, beyond which prisoners were forbidden to pass. Anyone crossing this line risked being shot by the guards. Faced with the deplorable conditions and a desperate desire for freedom, some inmates resorted to audacious attempts at escape. Using the most rudimentary tools, such as spoons or bits of metal, they dug tunnels beneath the ground, seeking to evade detection and slip beyond the confines of the prison. These daring efforts were a testament to the lengths prisoners were willing to go to reclaim their freedom, even at the peril of their own lives. Despite their courage, most of these escape tunnels were discovered before they could lead to successful breakouts, and the threat of the "deadline" remained a constant reminder of the harsh reality endured by those imprisoned at Andersonville.
The southwest view of the stockade shows the August 17th, 1864 deadline. Photo: Library of Congress.
When you visit, you can still see the remnants of those very tunnels. I remember them from my childhood school trips there. Over time, they have closed up more and more. It is sad to see how the men would try to escape.
Top Reasons to Visit Andersonville National Historic Site.
Because Andersonville was the site of one of the most notorious prisoner-of-war camps during the American Civil War and set a precedent for future war crimes, it is a place to see. Understanding the history of the camp provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by both Union prisoners and Confederate authorities during this tumultuous period. Here are some of the sites you can see and learn from here:
The National Prisoner of War Museum: This museum thoroughly explores the prisoner-of-war experience throughout American history. It includes exhibits, artifacts, and multimedia presentations.
Camp Sumter (Andersonville Prison): The preserved remains of the original stockade wall and reconstructed sections of the prison grounds give visitors a sense of the harsh conditions faced by Union prisoners during the Civil War. The holes can also be seen where men tried to dig their way out.
Providence Spring: A natural spring that emerged within the prison grounds, providing a vital water source for prisoners. It symbolizes hope amid challenging circumstances. As a child, my Mom always warned me not to drink this water. I'm not sure why she thought I would, but the story from this place around this water is a bit harsh.
The Andersonville National Cemetery: This cemetery is the final resting place for nearly 13,000 Union prisoners who perished at Camp Sumter. The cemetery is a solemn and reflective space.
The Camp Sumter Military Road: A section of the original military road used to transport supplies to the prison. It offers insight into the logistical challenges faced by Confederate authorities.
The National Cemetery Annex: This section of the cemetery contains the graves of more than 19,000 unknown soldiers, emphasizing the scale of the tragedy.
Who is Captain Henry Wirz? The Man Behind Andersonville.
Captain Henry Wirz was a Confederate officer during the American Civil War. He is best known as the commandant of Camp Sumter.
Wirz was born in Switzerland in 1823 and immigrated to the United States in the 1840s. When the Civil War broke out, he enlisted in the Confederate Army and became captain. In 1864, he was responsible for overseeing the newly established Andersonville Prison.
Under Wirz's command, the conditions at Andersonville deteriorated rapidly. The camp became severely overcrowded, sanitation was abysmal, and prisoners suffered from malnutrition and disease. Thousands of Union soldiers died due to these harsh conditions.
After the war, Captain Henry Wirz was captured by Union forces and put on trial for war crimes. He was charged with conspiracy and with "murder, in violation of the laws and customs of war." Wirz's trial, known as the Andersonville Trial, was highly controversial. He was found guilty and sentenced to death.
On November 10, 1865, Henry Wirz was hanged, becoming one of the few Confederate officials to be executed for war crimes during the Civil War. His trial and execution remain subjects of historical debate, with some viewing him as a scapegoat for the broader failures of the Confederate prison system. In contrast, others believe he deserved to be held accountable for the atrocities at Andersonville.
Henry Wirz and the Precedent for Future War Crimes.
Henry Wirz's trial and execution set an important precedent in the context of future war crimes and the accountability of individuals for their actions during times of armed conflict. His trial was one of the earliest instances in which a military officer was held personally responsible and brought to justice for war crimes.
The trial of Henry Wirz established that individuals, regardless of their rank, could be held accountable for atrocities committed against prisoners of war. This precedent influenced subsequent international laws and conventions related to the treatment of prisoners of war and war crimes. It signaled a growing recognition of the need for legal frameworks to address acts of cruelty and inhumanity in armed conflicts.
Ultimately, Wirz's trial contributed to the development of modern international humanitarian law, which aims to protect civilians and combatants who are no longer taking part in the hostilities, including prisoners of war. His case remains a significant historical marker in the evolution of legal standards for the treatment of prisoners and the prosecution of war crimes.
Thirteen Thousand Union Soldiers Perished at Andersonville Prison Camp.
From its opening in 1864 until its closure in 1865, nearly 13,000 Union soldiers died within its walls due to severe overcrowding, deplorable living conditions, and rampant disease. The camp's population reached over 32,000 at its peak, leading to immense suffering. Upon the arrival of Union forces, survivors, many in dire health, were gradually released and transported back to Union territory. Andersonville stands as a tragic testament to the hardships endured by prisoners of war during this tumultuous period in American history.
Visit the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site - 20 Miles Away
Plains, Georgia, is approximately 20 miles southwest of Andersonville, Georgia. The two towns are relatively close and located in the southwestern part of the state. Driving from Andersonville to Plains would take about 30 minutes, making it a convenient travel distance for visitors interested in exploring both locations. Please read our article, Walk in the Footsteps of a President: Jimmy Carter National Historic Site, to learn more about the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site.
Where to Stay When Visiting Andersonville National Historic Site.
Stay the night in Americus, Georgia—my hometown.
Americus sits between the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site and the Andersonville National Historic Site. Americus, Georgia, is a charming Southern city in the southwestern part of the state. Steeped in history and Southern hospitality, Americus offers a blend of cultural richness and small-town charm. Known for its picturesque downtown, lined with historic buildings and shops, Americus invites visitors to explore its boutiques, eateries, and cultural attractions. The city is perhaps best known for its association with Habitat for Humanity International, a nonprofit organization founded by Millard and Linda Fuller, who called Americus home. The city's Victorian-era architecture, including the grand Windsor Hotel, adds to its nostalgic allure.
Here are two options of where to stay in Americus, Georgia:
Windsor Hotel: The Windsor Hotel is a historic landmark in Americus, known for its elegant architecture and Southern charm. It offers a unique blend of modern amenities and vintage ambiance, making it a popular choice for visitors seeking a luxurious stay with a touch of nostalgia. Learn more here.
Americus Garden Inn Bed and Breakfast: This lovely bed and breakfast offers guests a cozy and intimate atmosphere. Located in a historic home, it provides a warm and inviting retreat with beautifully decorated rooms and a delicious breakfast—link to their site.
An old friend owns the Town House Inn I went to school with in Americus, GA. The address is 108 Church Street, Buena Vista, Georgia. The Inn is a beautiful 1903 architectural masterpiece of the Old South. The main house has three rooms, and the guesthouse has four chambers. The owner, Clay Snider, is an interior decorator in Atlanta, so expect excellent, authentic, timeless decor throughout the property. You can make reservations by visiting this site.
Visitor Information for Andersonville National Historic Site.
Location and Directions:
Address: Andersonville National Historic Site, 496 Cemetery Road, Andersonville, GA 31711.
Directions: Provide directions or a link to a map for visitors traveling from major nearby cities or landmarks.
Hours of Operation:
Andersonville National Historic Site: Open daily from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM.
National Prisoner of War Museum: Open daily from 9:00 AM to 4:30 PM.
Note: The site may be closed on certain holidays; checking the official website for the most up-to-date information is best.
Admission Fees:
Admission to the Andersonville National Historic Site and the National Prisoner of War Museum is free, and donations are welcome.
Visitor Tips for Andersonville National Historic Site.
Best Time to Visit:
Spring and fall offer mild weather and are ideal for exploring the site. Summers can be hot and humid, while winters can be cold.
Guided Tours:
The site offers ranger-led tours and programs. Check the schedule on the official website or at the visitor center.
Accessibility:
The site is wheelchair accessible. If you have specific needs, contact the visitor center in advance.
Conclusion
Andersonville National Historic Site is a solemn reminder of the brutal realities faced during the American Civil War. Camp Sumter's harrowing history, marked by overcrowding, disease, and high mortality rates, provides a poignant insight into the suffering endured by Union prisoners of war. Visiting Andersonville offers an opportunity to reflect on the past and honor the thousands who perished within its walls.
The preserved remnants of the Andersonville Prison, the informative exhibits at the National Prisoner of War Museum, and the serene grounds of the Andersonville National Cemetery all contribute to a deeper understanding of this dark chapter in American history. The site also emphasizes the importance of the humanitarian treatment of prisoners of war, a principle that emerged significantly from the tragedies witnessed here.
Exploring Andersonville National Historic Site educates visitors about the Civil War's impact on individuals and reinforces the enduring lessons about human rights and the consequences of war. As you plan your visit, consider the nearby attractions in Americus and Plains, Georgia, to enrich your historical journey.
Whether you are a history enthusiast, a student, or a traveler seeking to understand the past, Andersonville offers a compelling and educational experience. It is where history's harshest realities are confronted, and the resilience of the human spirit is remembered.
